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1 fabrica
fā̆brĭca, ae, f. [1. faber], the workshop of an artisan who works in hard materials (syn.: taberna, officina).I.Prop., Ter. Ad. 4, 2, 45; 4, 6, 4:II.Vulcanus, qui Lemni fabricae traditur praefuisse,
Cic. N. D. 3, 22, 55:armorum,
armory, Veg. Mil. 2, 11 (for which:armorum officinae,
Caes. B. C. 1, 34 fin.).—Transf., the art, trade, or profession of such an artisan, Vitr. 1, 1:2.pictura et fabrica ceteraeque artes habent quendam absoluti operis effectum,
architecture, Cic. N. D. 2, 13, 35; cf. id. Div. 1, 51, 161; and:natura effectum esse mundum: nihil opus fuisse fabrica,
id. ib. 1, 20, 53:omnis fabrica aeris et ferri,
id. N. D. 2, 60, 150: aeraria, ferrea, materiaria, the art of working in brass, etc., Plin. 7, 56, 57, § 197 sq.; cf.:aerariae artis,
Just. 36, 4, 4; and: ejus fabricae, quam Graeci chalkeutikên vocant, Quint. 2, 21, 10.—In apposition with ars:abies Graeco fabricae artis genere spectabilis,
Plin. 16, 42, 82, § 225:servus arte fabrica peritus,
Dig. 33, 7, 19 fin.:fanum solerti fabrica structum,
with artistic skill, App. M. 6, p. 174, 25.—In gen., any skilful production, a fabric, building, etc.: admirabilis membrorum animantium, [p. 713] Cic. N. D. 2, 47, 121; cf. id. Off. 1, 35, 127; Pall. 1, 7, 4; 1, 9, 2 al.—Of man as the creature of God, Prud. Hymn. de Rad. Dom. 45. —b.In the comic writers, a crafty device, trick, stratagem:ei nos facetis fabricis et doctis dolis Glaucumam ob oculos obiciemus,
Plaut. Mil. 2, 1, 69; id. Cist. 2, 2, 5:nescio quam fabricam facit,
id. Ep. 5, 2, 25; id. Bacch. 2, 3, 132:ad senem fingere,
Ter. Heaut. 3, 2, 34 al. -
2 आखण्डिः _ākhaṇḍiḥ
आखण्डिः m. N. of an artisan.-Comp. -शाला The workshop of the artisan. -
3 आखण्डिशाला
ā-khaṇḍi-ṡālāf. the workshop of the above artisan ib.
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4 atelier
atelier [atəlje]masculine nouna. [d'artisan, usine] workshop ; [d'artiste] studio ; [de couturières] workroom ; [de haute couture] atelier* * *atəljenom masculin1) (d'artisan, de bricoleur) workshop; ( d'artiste) studio; ( de couturier) design studio2) ( dans une usine) shop, workshop3) ( groupe de travail) working group; ( séance de travail) workshop* * *atəlje nmworkshop, [peintre] studio* * *atelier nm3 ( groupe de travail) working group; ( séance de travail) workshop;4 Art ( groupe autour d'un maître) studio; l'atelier de David the studio of David; œuvre d'atelier studio work.atelier protégé Jur training centreGB for the disabled.[atəlje] nom masculin1. [d'un bricoleur, d'un artisan] workshop[d'un peintre, d'un photographe] studio2. [d'une usine] shop3. [cours] workshopparticiper à un atelier de peinture sur soie to take part in a silk painting workshop ou a workshop on silk painting4. [de francs-maçons] lodge -
5 Poelzig, Hans
SUBJECT AREA: Architecture and building[br]b. 1869 Berlin, Germanyd. June 1936 Berlin, Germany[br]German teacher and practising architect, the most notable individualistic exponent of the German Expressionist movement in the modern school.[br]In the last decade of the nineteenth century and in the first of the twentieth, Poelzig did not, like most of his colleagues in Germany and Austria, follow the Jugendstil theme or the eclectic or fundamentalist lines: he set a path to individualism. In 1898 he began a teaching career at the Breslau (now Wroclaw, Poland) Academy of Arts and Crafts, remaining there until 1916. He early introduced workshop practice into the curriculum, presaging Gropius's Bauhaus ideas by many years; the school's workshop produced much of the artisan needs for a number of his buildings. From Breslau Poelzig moved to Dresden, where he was appointed City Architect. It was there that he launched his Expressionist line: which was particularly evident in the town hall and concert hall in the city. The structure for which Poelzig is best known and with which his name will always be associated is the Großes Schauspielhaus in Berlin; he had returned to his native city after the First World War and this great theatre was his first commission there. Using modern materials, he created a fabulous interior to seat 5,000 spectators. It was in the form of a vast amphitheatre with projecting stage and with the curving area roofed by a cavernous, stalactited dome, the Arabic-style stalactites of which were utilized by Poelzig for acoustic purposes. In the 1920s Poelzig went on to design cinemas, a field for which Expressionism was especially suited; these included the Capitol Cinema in Berlin and the Deli in Breslau. For his later industrial commissions—for example, the administrative building for the chemical firm I.G.Far ben in Frankfurt—he had perforce to design in more traditional modern manner.Poelzig died in 1936, which spared him, unlike many of his contemporaries, the choice of emigrating or working for National Socialism.[br]Further ReadingDennis Sharp, 1966, Modern Architecture and Expressionism, Longmans.Theodor Heuss, 1966, Hans Poelzig: Lebensbild eines Baumeister, Tübingen, Germany: Wunderlich.DY -
6 Cockerill, William
SUBJECT AREA: Textiles[br]b. 1759 Lancashire, Englandd. 1832 near Aix-la-Chapelle, France (now Aachen, Germany)[br]English (naturalized Belgian c. 1810) engineer, inventor and an important figure in the European textile machinery industry.[br]William Cockerill began his career in Lancashire by making "roving billies" and flying shuttles. He was reputed to have an extraordinary mechanical genius and it is said that he could make models of almost any machine. He followed in the footsteps of many other enterprising British engineers when in 1794 he went to St Petersburg in Russia, having been recommended as a skilful artisan to the Empress Catherine II. After her death two years later, her successor Paul sent Cockerill to prison because he failed to finish a model within a certain time. Cockerill, however, escaped to Sweden where he was commissioned to construct the locks on a public canal. He attempted to introduce textile machinery of his own invention but was unsuccessful and so in 1799 he removed to Verviers, Belgium, where he established himself as a manufacturer of textile machinery. In 1802 he was joined by James Holden, who before long set up his own machine-building business. In 1807 Cockerill moved to Liège where, with his three sons (William Jnr, Charles James and John), he set up factories for the construction of carding machines, spinning frames and looms for the woollen industry. He secured for Verviers supremacy in the woollen trade and introduced at Liège an industry of which England had so far possessed the monopoly. His products were noted for their fine craftsmanship, and in the heyday of the Napoleonic regime about half of his output was sold in France. In 1813 he imported a model of a Watt steam-engine from England and so added another range of products to his firm. Cockerill became a naturalized Belgian subject c. 1810, and a few years later he retired from the business in favour of his two younger sons, Charles James and John (b. 30 April 1790 Haslingden, Lancashire, England; d. 19 June 1840 Warsaw, Poland), but in 1830 at Andenne he converted a vast factory formerly used for calico printing into a paper mill. Little is known of his eldest son William, but the other two sons expanded the enterprise, setting up a woollen factory at Berlin after 1815 and establishing at Seraing-on-the-Meuse in 1817 blast furnaces, an iron foundry and a machine workshop which became the largest on the European continent. William Cockerill senior died in 1832 at the Château du Behrensberg, the residence of his son Charles James, near Aix-la-Chapelle.[br]Further ReadingW.O.Henderson, 1961, The Industrial Revolution on the Continent, Manchester (a good account of the spread of the Industrial Revolution in Germany, France and Russia).RTS / RLH -
7 נגר
נַגָּרm. (נָגַר) carpenter, turner; in gen. artisan. B. Kam.32b; Tosef. ib. VI, 25 חנותו של נ׳ a carpenters workshop. Tosef.Kel.B. Mets. IV, 5, v. חֹולֵיץ; a. fr. Pl. נַגָּרִים, נַגָּרִין. Lev. R. s. 5 מה נ׳ הםוכ׳ how skillful are the Israelites that know how ; Yalk. Ps. 677 נגידים (corr. acc.); Midr. Till. to Ps. 19 גבורים. -
8 נַגָּר
נַגָּרm. (נָגַר) carpenter, turner; in gen. artisan. B. Kam.32b; Tosef. ib. VI, 25 חנותו של נ׳ a carpenters workshop. Tosef.Kel.B. Mets. IV, 5, v. חֹולֵיץ; a. fr. Pl. נַגָּרִים, נַגָּרִין. Lev. R. s. 5 מה נ׳ הםוכ׳ how skillful are the Israelites that know how ; Yalk. Ps. 677 נגידים (corr. acc.); Midr. Till. to Ps. 19 גבורים.
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